The Ilonggos Essay Sample free essay sample

The Ilonggo’s prehistoric culture is based chiefly on the Maragtas. a papers that tells of the reaching in Panay of Malay datus and their households from Borneo in 1250. As the narrative goes. the Bornean Malays came into contact with the Atis or Negritos. the dwellers of the island at that clip. They so negotiated with the latter for the â€Å"pagtaba† or purchase of the coastal countries where they intended to settle down. After the understanding. the fledglings established colonies along riversides and seashores while the Atis retreated into the island’s insides. Some bookmans nevertheless. see the Maragtas as mere common people history because it has about six versions and is interlaced with events and narratives rather antic to be true ( Ponteras 1978 ) . More disclosure is that archeological groundss found in some topographic points in Iloilo Province demoing the material ownerships of Iloilo’s ancient dwellers indicate that they were every bit old a s the hills and vales in the country. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ilonggos Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Considerable cultural stuffs of proto-historic vintage. peculiarly Chinese porcelain wares. recovered from different archeological sites. besides reveal the Ilonggos’ extended trade with the Chinese and other Asians before the supposed approach of the 10 Borneo datus. The Ilonggos trade dealingss with the Chinese and other Asiatics started from the tenth century and flourished up to the sixteenth century upon the reaching of the Spanish colonisers in the state. Excavated trade ware further indicates that some of the early Ilonggos Ate from porcelain home bases. non coconut shells as claimed by some bookmans ; that they lived in lasting colonies and were engaged in the production of harvests and trades ; that they had a system of composing. and that they were no longer afraid of aliens. So. it is non truly possible that they were the crude Atis that the Bornean Malays came in contact with. in the mid-13th century. Some early Spanish authors like Francisco Colin. Miguel de Loarca and Antonio de Morga attested to the fact that the Ilonggos already enjoyed certain grade of civilisation at the clip of the Spanish contact. Harmonizing to the Spaniards. the Ilonggos built boats of â€Å"very different forms and names† which they used for fishing a nd transporting their wares. They besides manufactured fishing cogwheels and traps made of bamboo ; wove fabrics from Manila hemp. cotton and Chinese silk ; carved artistic objects and images of their dead ascendants and made really attractive bodily decorations. They were adept silverworkers and coppersmiths. hammering soft stuffs into jewellery and decorations for their tools and arms. They had moreover. their ain alphabet. music and musical instruments. vocals and dances. and fables and narratives. As to who the people were. what is known is that they were ab initio called by the Spaniards as Pintados because of their organic structure tattoos. both work forces and adult females. which at a distance looked like organic structure picture. Nevertheless. non long after. the Spaniards recognized at least two typical groups—the Ati and what most bookmans ( Beyer et al ) designated as Malay. who may hold come from Borneo ( Coutts and Fullagar neodymium ) . At the clip of their reaching in the mid-16th centur y. the Spaniards had already noted a figure of well-populated communities in several topographic points in Iloilo that had booming intra- and inter-island trade. Culture The indispensable constituents of Ilonggo civilization are linguistic communication. unwritten literature ( heroic poems. myths. fables. Proverbs. etc. ) . vocals and dances. handcrafts. old churches and houses. and celebrated daintinesss. The Ilonggo linguistic communication is fundamentally Hiligaynon and Kinaray-a. the latter with its legion fluctuations in the interior subdivisions of the state. Ilonggo literature consists of hurubaton. paktakon. sugidanon ( heroic poems ) . lowa. and others. many of which have survived up to the present clip. Of class. the most known literature related to Ilonggos is the Maragtas. a folk history on the coming of the 10 Bornean datus and their households to Panay. Ilonggo vocals are chiefly composos or laies about love and escapade. cradlesong tunes ( Ili-ili is the best illustration ) . and other common people vocals. normally accompanied by either percussion. air current or twine instruments. Traditional dances that have been recorded by the Spaniards are the harito. balitaw. liay. lalong kalong. imbong. inay-inay. and binanog. Some of these dances are still being performed today. Ilonggo civilization is besides manifested in the people’s preference for colourful and epicurean jubilations. The Ilonggo ever finds an juncture to demo his stuff richness and his celebrated trade name of cordial reception. This explains why other than the spiritual banquets like the patronal fete. Flores de Mayo and Santacruzan. the Ilonggos have besides indulged themselves in many festivals. aside from the universe celebrated Dinagyang in Iloilo City and Maskara in Bacolod City. Traditions Mention must be made of Ilonggo zarzuela. the most popular signifier of common amusement in Western Visayas in the first half of the twentieth century. The zarzuela is a traditional musical phase drama picturing the mundane life and aspirations of the Ilonggos that made celebrated a figure of local authors. It besides catapulted into prominence the Iloilo-Bacolod Troupe ( ILOBAC ) that performed before capacity audiences in the metropoliss and municipalities of Iloilo and Negros Occidental. With respect to handcrafts. the 1 that is considered the â€Å"queen† . both in the past and in the present. is weaving. For a piece. during the late eighteenth century and early 19th centuries. Iloilo was referred to as the â€Å"Textile Capital of the Philippines† . Its woven merchandises made of pina fibres. cotton. silk and Manila hemp were exported abroad. every bit good as to Manila and other parts of Luzon and the Visayas. Iloilo is besides known formulated its pottery-making. bolo-making and bamboo trades. During the Spanish period. it was well-known as the centre of boat-building in the Visayas. particularly the town of Oton and the island of Guimaras. In fact. harmonizing to Spanish record. there were galleons used by the Spaniards built in these topographic points. Traits The Ilonggos since clip yesteryear have been noted for being â€Å"matinlo. † In fact. their personal cleanliness and of the remainder of the Filipino people for that affair ever attracted the attending of the Spaniards who came early to the Philippines. They noted that the small towns were largely situated along river Bankss or in oral cavities of rivers sloping out into the sea. The fledglings thought that the chief ground for this was the natives’ fancy for bathing which. or class. is partially right. The river and the sea were beginnings of protein nutrient through its teeming marine life. Transporting goods and people from the interior small towns to the seashores and vice-versa was easier by â€Å"bangka† ( wooden boat ) or by â€Å"balsa† ( bamboo raft ) down and up the river. Among the traits of the Ilonggo that the Spaniards had high respects was their being â€Å"mapisan† or hardworking. Casimiro Diaz. for illustration. in a elaborate hist ory on ecclesiastical and Augustinian personal businesss. 1630-1640. described the people of Panay as â€Å"naturally docile than any other of the cero. really hardworking in their rice farms† ( Diaz 1890 ) . A Gallic traveller. Jean Mallat. besides praised the dwellers as â€Å"the most industrious† ( Mallat 1846 ) . It is exactly because of the industry of the dwellers of Panay that the island. harmonizing to Miguel de Loarca. Antonio de Morga and Juan Medina. was abundant in rice ( Blair A ; Robertson 1903-1909 and De Morga 1962 ) . This was the ground why Panay. peculiarly Iloilo. became of involvement to the Spanish conquistadores from the really start of their colonisation of the archipelago. Aside from rice. Iloilo. harmonizing to De Loarca. besides â€Å"abounded in swine. poultry. wax and honey† ( Blair A ; Robertson 1903-1909 ) and. as ascertained by De Morga. was â€Å"abundant in wine-producing palm-trees and all sorts of nutrient supplies† ( De Morga 1962 ) . Furthermore. there is strong grounds that Iloilo was bring forthing a great measure of cotton and other fabric cloths ( Blair A ; Robertson 1903-1909 ) . The Ilonggos were besides noted by the Spa nish colonisers as â€Å"maisog† or fearless and brave. Life prior to the coming of the Spaniards had sufficient warfare and provided chances for work forces to turn out their bravery and daring and win for themselves awards and the tattoos which caused the Spaniards to name them Pintados. The chieftains’ ability to secure Fe or esteemed goods from foreign bargainers depended on control of the work force to work resources. Wars were hence fought to command people and resources. non territory. Raids upon other communities were intended to prehend slaves outright. to originate or implement confederations for trading webs. to take loot that included immature adult females. and to penalize those who had done incorrectly on the aggrieved party. Wars were fought non by standing ground forcess or naval forcess but by loyal warriors owing personal commitment to leaders who were besides physically present and active in these bloody brushs ( Scott 1995 ) . It must be understood that heroism in conflict was a basic necessity to going a â€Å"datu. † Ilonggos. besides have a greatest repute of being fond. friendly. and happy. Food Ilonggo civilization is reflected in the broad scope of its culinary delectations. as in the instance of Batchoy. pancit molo. baye-baye. biscocho. inday-inday. binakol. bandi. piyaya. and pinasugbo. Batchoy seemingly has become a national passion. a instance of Ilonggo cultural colonisation. This delicious mixture. normally advertised as â€Å"Original La Paz Batchoy† . can now be found anyplace in the Philippines – in the far north as the Ilocos part and in the far south as Tawi-tawi. It is observed. nevertheless. that the batchoy gustatory sensation in Iloilo could neer be duplicated elsewhere – it can merely be approximated. Batchoy prepared by non-Ilonggos in other topographic points taste more like mami instead than the existent thing. Apparels THE BAGOBOS Historyâ€Å"Bagobo† comes from â€Å"bago† intending â€Å"new. recent† and â€Å"obo/obbo/uvu† significance â€Å"growth. grow. † so that the term refers to a recent formation of people along the seashore of the Davao Gulf. When the Hinduized people from the south brought in Hindu civilization during the Sri Vijayan and Majapahit incursion of Mindanao. these migrators mixed with the native population. organizing a new society reflected in the name â€Å"Bagobo. † The term may slackly use to the coastal people of Davao Gulf. particularly those native groups on the western shores of southeasterly Davao. These groups include several ethnicities. such as the Tagabawa. Jangan or Attaw. and Tagacaolo. Spanish missionaries and early ethnographers tended to place them all as one group because they had common articles of material civilization. such as frock and decorations. tools. blades. and musical instruments. Immigrants from other topographic points besides tended to include the Manuvu among the Bagobo groups. The attribution is erroneous. for the Manuvu live in the highland countries northwest. North. and nor-east of Mt. Apo in interior Mindanao. Furthermore. all the above named cultural groups speak reciprocally unintelligible linguistic communications. The Bagobo are light brown in skin color. Their hair is brown or chocolate-brown black. runing from wavy to curly. The work forces stand about 158 centimeter tall. the adult females 147 centimeter. Although the face is broad. the zygomatic bones are non outstanding. The eyes are dark and widely set. the oculus slits slanting. The superciliums are intentionally shaved to a thin line by both male and female. The root of the olfactory organ is low. the ridge wide. The lips are full. the mentum rounded. Population estimation of the Bagobo in 1988 was 80. 000 Culture The Bagobos are celebrated for their flowery traditions in arms and other metal humanistic disciplines and noted for their accomplishment in bring forthing brass articles through the ancient lost-wax procedure. Their accomplishment in weaving one of the best abaca fabrics of Earth tones is besides among the great things that impress both locals and tourers likewise. Up to the present. the Bagobo are considered the prevailing inhabitants of the west seashore of Davao Gulf to the mountain ranges of Mt. Apo where they have engraved their colourful imposts and traditions. Mt. Apo. or Apo Sandawa. besides serves as their sacred worship evidences. Bing animist. the Bagobos believe in hereditary liquors who could allow their desire through offering of forfeits. Prayers are offered in rare rites accompanied by intoning and dancing. Bagobos have a strong societal construction that has enabled them to intermix good with others while retaining their autochthonal imposts. beliefs and values. This cultural individuality is imparted in Kadayawan Festival held every August in Davao City. The event has become a locale where 100s of them conveying out and flash their dances and vocals and rites that has been fierily and proudly passed from coevals to coevals. Today. some Bagobos have gone a long manner from their crude patterns and have attained a significant grade of autonomy. But while some have embraced modern life and abandoned their tribal roots. there is still a great figure that have remained strongly engrossed in the music of kulintangs and tam-tams. in the solemn chants and crop rites. attired in colourful frocks. in the stomping of pess on the land while dancing. and in everything that makes up the Bagobo civilization. Traditions Bagobo have flowery traditions in arms and other metal humanistic disciplines. They are noted for their accomplishment in bring forthing brass articles through the ancient lost-wax procedure. They besides weave abacca fabrics of Earth tones and do baskets that are trimmed with beads. fibres and horse’s hair. Sibulan was the centre of all the Bagobo folk when the Spaniards attempt to suppress the island of Mindanao at the terminal of the 19th century. The Spaniards gave this part its name ; the Land of Sibuls or land of legion springs. Long clip ago a group of Spanish soldiers met a group Bagobo adult females transporting bamboo tubings. tools they used to bring H2O from the many springs in the country. None of the adult females understood the soldiers when they were asked what the name of the topographic point was. The adult females thought the Spaniards were inquiring them for the beginning of the H2O. so they replied. Sibuls. intending spring. The Bagobo are by origin a mobi le folk. they travelled from one topographic point to the other by choping their manner through the virgin woods. The part was abundant with cogonal land with tall trees and had a broad country of runing evidences. The bow and pointer were used both in runing wild Sus scrofa. cervid or monkeys and fishing in crystal pure Waterss spurting from the inclines of Mount Apo. Apo means gramps of all mountains and is the highest mountain extremum in the Philippines. The land was besides cultivated with assorted harvests. but left behind after harvest clip in hunt of a better topographic point to cultivate. The dwellers in the early colonies feared the Anitos. liquors. which include asleep ascendants and nature-spirits or diwatas. who could allow their desire through offering of forfeits. Their faith is an array of countless gimokods ( liquors ) who have to be shown regard. The Bagobo besides believe in a supreme being who inhabits the sky universe. every bit good as a divinity. a supernatural immortal being who will convey illness and decease to incestuous twosomes. The chief Spirit is the great Godhead named Eugpamolak Manobo or Manama. The cognition of liquors and ancient fables resides in old tribal adult females. better known as mabalian. frequently they tell narrative of Tuwaang. a brave and strong warrior with different powers. One fable recalls the battle between Tuwaang and a giant from the land of Pinanggayungan. A maiden of the Buhong Sky who was flying from the giant of Pangumanon came across Tuwaang who was siting the sky on illuming. Tuwaang and the elephantine fought for the maiden. the giant used his charming powers and threw a bally saloon at Tuwaang. He was able to get away this ordeal by utilizing his ain charming ability and name the air current to fan the fire and allow the elephantine be engulfed by his ain fires. The mabalian are besides the ritual practicians which include mending. they are besides skilled as weavers. The adult females weave abaca fabrics with earthly tones. to a great extent embroidering it with beads and stitch work. They are known for their inlaid metal betel boxes. finished with bells and baskets that are trimmed with motley beads. fibres and Equus caballuss hair. The neer stoping jingling of the many bantam brass bells woven into the vesture became a Bagobo symbol. It is non rare that the to a great extent ornamented Bagobo are considered the most colorful people of the Philippines. The Bagobo believe in a supreme being who inhabits the sky universe. every bit good as a divinity who brings illness and decease to incestuous twosomes. The Bagobo are besides known for their long heroic poem verse forms. â€Å"tuwaang† . TraitsThe Bagobos are known to be steadfast trusters of their supreme existences and are besides known to be hardworking and proud of their heritage. FoodsA common nutrient served is known as â€Å"lyurot† or â€Å"lotlot. † . a native nutrient cooked in bamboo. They normally cook their nutrients in bamboo. They are besides knowne for their tasty poulet tenderized in its ain juices and steamed inside a bamboo. Apparels

A Comparison And Contrast Of Nature Essays - Literature, Poetry

A Comparison And Contrast Of Nature Essays - Literature, Poetry A Comparison And Contrast Of Nature A Comparison and Contrast of Nature Professor Liberman 4-02-99 In the Nineteenth century Realism, Naturalism, and Symbolism were popular modes of expression by writers of that era. Such modes of expression were the use of nature in their writings. Two poets that really stand out among the rest are Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) and Paul Verlaine (1844-1896). Baudelaire was referred to by many as the first Modern Poet and the father of modern criticism. Verlaine like Baudelaire was a symbolist poet, he was also French and referred to as the Prince of Poets. Both these poets touch on nature in their poems. It was in Baudelaire's Song of Autumn I and Verlaine's Autumn Song that similarities and differences were most evident. Their views of autumn had melodramatic view of death and at the same time can contrast with one another. Throughout this paper I will discuss the parallelism and divergence between these two poems. In Baudelaire's first stanza of Song of Autumn I, he explains how the end of summer is near and the weather will become cold. He starts the reader off in the end of summer. Soon we shall plunge into the chilly fogs; Farewell, Swift light! Our summers are too short (line 1-2, pg. 1151). Baudelaire then begins to explain the chopping down of the trees to gather firewood. This idea of the rhythmic thump firewood being delivered is repeated throughout his poem. In Verlaine's Autumn Song, the first stanza is told in a very monotonous tone much like the first stanza of Song of autumn. Verlaine talks about long sobs and the feeling he has in heart, what he describing is the end of summer and begging of the gloomy season of autumn. This is exactly the same that Baudelaire describes in his first stanza. Verlaine difference in this stanza is that he starts the poem already in autumn whereas Bauderlaire starts his poem in the end of the summer. In the second stanza of Autumn Song, Verlaine discusses the feeling he has inside of him. Choking and pale when I mind the tale the hours keep(lines 6-9, pg. 1169). Verlaine then relates back to memories of the summer and this makes him cry. My memory strays down other days and I weep,(lines 10-12, pg. 1169). He also even makes references to idea of daylight savings time, the hours keep,(line 9, pg.1169). In that line he is saying that along with the gloomy aura of autumn there is now an extra hour. In Song of Autumn I, Baudelaire's second stanza follows the theme of Verlaine. Here Baudelaire like Verlaine explains his personal feeling of autumn. All of winter will gather in my soul: Hate, anger, horror, chills, the hard forced work;(lines 4-5, pg. 1151). Baudelaire however has a more cynical approach to his feeling; he describes in several adjectives the extent of his pain. Baudelaire's next two lines really personify his feelings, And. Like the sun in his hell by the North Pole, My heart will be only a red and frozen block,(lines 6-8, pg. 1151). What he is exemplifying in these lines is the strong hate that burns inside of him. Baudelaire seems to loathe everything that deals with autumn. As these poems progress there is an evident contrast in the tones of the poets writings. Verlaine has maintained a very slow and monotonous tone throughout, whereas Bauderlaire has been very boisterous about his feelings. Similar to a fire that has gasoline thrown on his fire his raging bigger and bigger with each stanza. In Song of Autumn I, stanza three, there really is no correlation between this stanza and the third stanza in Autumn Song. There is however a major contrast with this stanza and the whole poem by Verlaine. Baudelaire has kept a pattern of mentioning the idea of the chopping of firewood. He has kept it to an ever-other stanza pattern. Verlaine has no correlation between autumn and firewood. Baudelaire looks at autumn in a way that squirrel might. A squirrel spends autumn preparing for long haul of winter so the squirrel his constantly working through autumn. Baudelaire explains All of winter will gather in my soul, the hard forced work,(lines4-5, pg.

Mediation Critique Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mediation Critique Case Study - Essay Example The environment of the mediation room is deemed to be the most crucial factor for ensuring the success of mediation conducted between Randy and Brett. Apart from the physical setup of the room, the less tangible factors also contribute into influencing the decision-making of the parties as well as the mediator. From the mediation conducted, it can be understood that the environment was calm as well as safe for the parties with respect to negotiation (00:14). Besides, in order to ensure the success of the mediation plan, only three people were present at the conference room including the mediator, Randy and Brett (00:47). Furthermore, the comfort of both the parties involved in the mediation was deemed to be crucial and thus the environment was kept peaceful to facilitate proper communication and create a problem-solving atmosphere (00:25; 01:02).  In the opening statement, the mediator introduced herself and presented a brief idea about the tasks that will be performed for reaching into a common agreement between the involved parties (00:08). The mediator stated that the main objective of the session conducted was to reach a mutual agreement between Randy and Brett so as to evade any sort of conflicting situation further (01:19).  Besides, the mediator also highlighted the fact that full confidentiality of the information will be maintained. In addition, the mediator also mentioned that partiality will be avoided on both the sides in order to bring out favorable or positive outcomes.  

Boots entering china analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Boots entering china analysis - Research Paper Example The company is dedicated to the provision of quality healthcare and pharmaceutical products to the local community. The company manages its operation through synergies with other companies for the creation of wider opportunities (Bennett, 1988). The company introduces new packaging for its products regularly. Boots focuses on research and development that creates more channels of distribution. For instance, the company introduced online sales through mail orders and electronic commerce. The strategy is unique as it seeks to target new markets (Bradford & Lawrence, 2004). Product development creates a unique avenue for the company to make an introduction of new products into international markets. The strategy focuses on ensuring that the pharmaceutical products gain a greater international market share (Barell, 1990). The strategy involves the development of new methods in product improvement for the new markets. The company uses market diversification, in order, to branch with ease to other international markets. The company seeks to enter the Chinese market for diversification and the creation of new opportunities and pharmaceutical products (Managi & Kaneko, 2008). In the United Kingdom, pharmaceutical companies have led to the improvement of the health status. The country has invested in research and development of pharmaceutical products. This enables pharmaceutical firms, such as Boots, to rely on the reports of the research in the development of their products. The country also poses strict regulations that companies must adhere to before providing their products for either local or international consumption. The government has to test and approve that the products of Boots are fit for consumption. Most companies are in favor of less government influence on their activities. However, it is important for the firms to understand that the government

Balance Sheet and Income Statement Essay Example for Free

Balance Sheet and Income Statement Essay Balance Sheet and Income Statement Jennifer Grayson BSA/500 June 4, 2011 Brian Keltch Balance Sheet and Income Statement The following four companies are related to the companies that have been in review over the last four weeks. These four following companies show how well the company has been doing over the last two years or not so well. The company has pulled their balance sheets and income statement to see if all the company’s financial needs are being met. If the company’s needs are not being met, the company will show where the company needs to cut back and where the company needs to improve. National Plastic Co Conclusion National Plastic Co. s not doing well after a year. The company has less net fixed assets after a year. The company has borrowed less liability but the company has less revenue so with the changes it did not work in the favor for the company. AMERCO Inc. is still doing about the same after a year. The big thing is that the company is still able to bring in money with the economy at its worst. The company is able to run comfortable. Kout Food Group is doing about the same as the year before. No growth has happen and no lost has happen. Resaas Services Inc. has made the most growth in a year. In 2010 the total liabilities and equity was 0. 8% and in 2011 5. 67%. The company gained more than 5. 39%. Resaas is doing well. To look at all the different company’s income statements and balance sheets show that no two companies are the same. Some companies may do better than others may and some may not do well at all. It is important for all companies to make sure to have a financial statement. Reference BLOOMBERG L. P. (2012).

Wilfred Owen :: essays research papers

Does Owens poetry do more than offer the reader an insight into the horrors of war? Discuss with reference to at least two poems. Wilfred Owen is arguable the greatest of the world war one poets. This is a man who through personal experience offers us not only insight into the astrocities of war but also illustrates the struggle of nature and the mental state these men cross into on the battle field. In ‘Spring Offensive’, Owen mixes the ideas of war and nature in a conversational tone unlike ‘Futility’ in which Owen questions the pointlessness of war and religion in this compact poem. Owen shows us the physical horrors of war very effectively yet his poems stretch beyond that and delve into the unspoken shames where life itself is questioned. Owen’s poem the Spring Offensive explores the unnatural offensive of war against spring or nature. Opening with ‘Halted against the shade of a last hill’ Owen suggests both the calmness of the ‘shade’ and the deadly implication of ‘last’. The horror of war is not only the ‘hot blast and fury of Hells upsurge’ of stanza 6 but also ‘the sun, like a friend with whom their love is done’ of stanza 4. Written in a conversational tone, Spring Offensive illustrates the physical horrors of the men experienced in war as they ‘leapt to swift unseen bullets†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.or plunged and fell away past the world verge.’ The oxymoron in stanza 7 ‘superhuman inhumanities’ , the fantastic acts of horror, implies in war that hero and the devil are one and the same. Yet although Owen gives us insight into such horrors he does much more in his questioning of god and his imagery of nature in projecting the feelings of men at war. As it is said ‘nothing concentrates a mans mind more than his own execution’ ‘to face the stark blank sky beyond the ridge’ suggests the questionable future namely the heavens and god. This imagery is continued in stanza 5 with the double meaning of ‘earth set sudden cups in thousands for their blood which implies not only the literal meaning of the craters but the cup of Christ or religion. Owen suggests that god and nature had set a trap, for just as the soldiers had turned their back on nature and religion so too had god and nature rejected the soldiers. Owen’s imagery of nature is particually imminent in ‘Spring Offensive’. Wilfred Owen :: essays research papers Does Owens poetry do more than offer the reader an insight into the horrors of war? Discuss with reference to at least two poems. Wilfred Owen is arguable the greatest of the world war one poets. This is a man who through personal experience offers us not only insight into the astrocities of war but also illustrates the struggle of nature and the mental state these men cross into on the battle field. In ‘Spring Offensive’, Owen mixes the ideas of war and nature in a conversational tone unlike ‘Futility’ in which Owen questions the pointlessness of war and religion in this compact poem. Owen shows us the physical horrors of war very effectively yet his poems stretch beyond that and delve into the unspoken shames where life itself is questioned. Owen’s poem the Spring Offensive explores the unnatural offensive of war against spring or nature. Opening with ‘Halted against the shade of a last hill’ Owen suggests both the calmness of the ‘shade’ and the deadly implication of ‘last’. The horror of war is not only the ‘hot blast and fury of Hells upsurge’ of stanza 6 but also ‘the sun, like a friend with whom their love is done’ of stanza 4. Written in a conversational tone, Spring Offensive illustrates the physical horrors of the men experienced in war as they ‘leapt to swift unseen bullets†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.or plunged and fell away past the world verge.’ The oxymoron in stanza 7 ‘superhuman inhumanities’ , the fantastic acts of horror, implies in war that hero and the devil are one and the same. Yet although Owen gives us insight into such horrors he does much more in his questioning of god and his imagery of nature in projecting the feelings of men at war. As it is said ‘nothing concentrates a mans mind more than his own execution’ ‘to face the stark blank sky beyond the ridge’ suggests the questionable future namely the heavens and god. This imagery is continued in stanza 5 with the double meaning of ‘earth set sudden cups in thousands for their blood which implies not only the literal meaning of the craters but the cup of Christ or religion. Owen suggests that god and nature had set a trap, for just as the soldiers had turned their back on nature and religion so too had god and nature rejected the soldiers. Owen’s imagery of nature is particually imminent in ‘Spring Offensive’.

Abercrombie & FItch vs American Eagle Essay

INTRODUCTION Fashion may be defined as a way of living, decorating, etc., which is popular today, but will soon lose their popularity. It is something passing and temporary, a simple craze of the moment to be looked down upon with dislike. For example, tight pants are the fashion today, but only a short while ago broad loose pants were the order of the day. If today a man appears in society wearing broad pants, he would be held up to ridicule, but only a few years ago they were the height of fashion, symbols of good taste and culture. American Eagle Outfitters (AEO) and Abercrombie & Fitch (A&F) are two companies that play a major role in the clothing industry. The following discussion with compare and contrast the competitive advantages of the supply chain of the two companies. COMPANY HISTORY AEO American Eagle Outfitters, Inc., a billion dollar corporation, is ranked as one of the largest retail chains in America. With their central corporate headquarters in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and two other corporate facilities located in New York City and Tokyo, Japan, American Eagle, Inc. operates numerous mainline stores, factory stores, franchised stores, and distribution centers across the country and the globe. In 1977, brothers, Jerry and Mark Silverman, who owned and operated Silverman’s Menswear, a Retail Ventures, Inc. company, founded American Eagle Outfitters. Opening their first store in Novi, Michigan at Twelve Oaks Mall, the Silverman brothers were hoping to diversify their menswear line (AEO Management Co., 2013). Several stores were opened up and a catalog was created. American Eagle Outfitters continued to grow into 1990, when Jacob Price took over which led to the introduction of casual, private-label merchandise for men and women. In 1994, American Eagle Outfitters became  part of the NASDAQ stock exchange, which enabled the opening of 90 stores the following year (AEO Management Co., 2013). In 1996, new executives joined AEO and decided to modify the target demographics of the target market and reach more women, as well as focus on those who were between the ages of 18 and 32. Shortly after, American Eagle expanded to e-commerce with ae.com. By 2000, American Eagle operated 500 stores and revenues for the company quintupled to $1 billion. The Canadian market was penetrated in 2001 and in 2003 American Eagle expanded to Hawaii. Aerie, a brand extension of American Eagle, focusing on intimates for women, was launched in 2006. Another line extension, 77kids, which offered clothing for babies to pre-teen girls and boys, was established online in 2008 and the first 77kids store was opened in 2010. Today, American Eagle Outfitters, Inc. operates over 1,000 stores, including 911 American Eagle Outfitters stores, 158 Aerie stores, and 21 77Kids stores, 21 of which are franchised around the globe. Additionally, ae.com, which includes links to Aerie and 77kids, reaches 77 countries. American Eagle Outfitters offers apparel, shoes, and accessories for both men and women. Clothing merchandise is comprised of denims, sweaters, graphic T’s, fleece and sweatshirts, outerwear, tops and shirts, dresses, and skirts. Shoe merchandise includes sneakers, boots, flats, sandals, slippers, clogs, heals, loafers and socks. Accessories merchandise consists of jewelry, hats, sunglasses, scarves, bags, perfume and cologne, purses, and wallets. Aerie offers merchandise for college girls that include dorm wear, such as sweats and pajamas, exercise apparel, bras, underwear, accessories, and some personal care items. 77kids offers apparel for infants, children, and preteen girls and boys (AEO Management Co., 2013). A&F Abercrombie & Fitch originated in 1891 as a retail sporting goods store based in New York City. It was known for its wide variety of expensive and often exotic sporting equipment and attire, ranging from tennis shoes to elephant guns. For more than half a century, the store’s apparel, guns, tackle, and other merchandise were the image of wealth and prestige. When it expanded, the firm confined its new branch stores to downtown areas of large cities and to resort areas. In the early 1970s, Abercrombie & Fitch attempted to widen its customer base by adding less-expensive items to its usual stock and by moving into the suburbs, where other stores had been building for some time. Although these steps did attract new customers, they came too late; Abercrombie & Fitch was in financial trouble and filed for bankruptcy in 1976 after 85 years in business (Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 2013). Oshman’s Sporting Goods, Inc. bought the firm in1978. In 1988 Abercrombie & Fitch was bought by The Limited, Inc (Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 2013). Repositioned as the trademarked â€Å"casual luxury† brand, it became parent to the subsidiary brands Abercrombie kids, a children’s line launched in 1998 and marketed as Abercrombie; Hollister Co., a line for younger teens launched in 2000; RUEHL No. 925, a line targeting post-graduate s launched in 2004; and Gilly Hicks, a women’s line launched in 2008. Following Abercrombie & Fitch’s overhaul, the company received significant criticism for its advertising and its clothing, which were perceived by many as encouraging its target audience to adopt a sexually promiscuous lifestyle (Encyclopedia Britannica Online, 2013). MISSION STATEMENT AEO American Eagle has a clearly defined set of â€Å"corporate values† which guides the actions of employees at all levels of the AE organization: PEOPLE The vitality of our company resides in our people. We collaborate, we engage, we achieve (About.com, 2013). INTEGRITY We hold ourselves accountable to the highest standards. In the face of difficulties and challenges, we don’t compromise (About.com, 2013). PASSION Our passion infuses our actions and purpose. It transforms stores into places of energy and customer delight (About.com, 2013). INNOVATION We operate in a dynamic and competitive industry. We continually refine the unique processes that drive our business, and we use insightful research and analysis to balance our instinct and to guide our decisions. Our associates embody entrepreneurial spirit, develop creative solutions, and initiate change (About.com, 2013). TEAMWORK We work together – listening to one another, reaching consensus and supporting group decisions. We celebrate achievements. Because we respect and trust one another and commit ourselves to our company goals, our teamwork succeeds (About.com, 2013). Additionally American Eagle has a service goal that guides employees in their everyday retailing tasks: â€Å"We respond to the needs of our customer and enjoy the satisfaction of a job well done (About.com, 2013).† A&F â€Å"Abercrombie and Fitch focuses upon high-quality merchandise that compliments the casual classic American lifestyle (About.com, 2013).†   But beyond that simple mission statement, Abercrombie & Fitch emphasizes its brand vision, brand attributes, and the value of the Abercrombie & Fitch brand, which has been of ultimate importance since CEO Mike Jeffries took on the leadership role. Abercrombie & Fitch has said this about its brand to its stakeholders: â€Å"The A&F brand is more authentic and relevant than ever. The brand is our lifestyle, our focus—it ensures growth and promises stability. A great brand is a center of growth and revenue—it represents a relationship with customers. It’s not a faddish chip to be cashed in on shortsighted gains. The value of having a great brand is far-reaching and cannot be overstated—it’s a snowball effect. The A&F label gives us the ability to evolve, creating endless growth opportunities. It helps us attract the brightest, most talented young people from around the country. It attracts millions to our website. It allows for greater profit margins. It lessens the risk of moving on new business concepts. It promotes innovation. It ensures long-term profitability. It adds built-in value to everything we produce. It accelerates growth. It stabilizes. It gives focus and direction. It produces an emotional response in consumers (About.com, 2013).† Comparing these two mission statements, it is clear that American Eagle Outfitters is focused more on just their merchandise, unlike Abercrombie & Fitch. AEO has a passion not only for their brand and employees but their consumers as well. While A&F, is only focused on their brand not on the  operational execution of its employees, or the experience of its customers. This holds true of A&F because recently their CEO, Mike Jeffries, came under fire for reportedly saying they only target to â€Å"thin and beautiful people† which is why they do not sell or make any size over 10 or large for women. Mike Jeffries has said, â€Å"That’s why we hire good-looking people because good-looking people attract other good-looking people, and we want to market to cool, good-looking people. We don’t market to anyone other than that (Walker, 2013).† On A&F’s website, they claim to embrace diversity throughout the entire organization but what Mike Jeffries has been quoted saying, is contradictory of what the company claims they are about. â€Å"We are committed to embracing the diversity of our associates and management throughout our organization. On the surface, our dedication to maintaining a diverse working and shopping environment can be easily seen by walking through one of our stores, domestically and internationally. More notably, Abercrombie & Fitch’s commitment can be seen through our exceptional diversity programs, whether they are internal or external, and the results they yield. Diversity reflects the multidimensional insights we share collectively. Simply put, it is imperative to our growth that we staff our business with diverse talent and run our business with an inclusive mindset (Abercrombie & Fitch, 2013).† SUPPLY CHAIN AEO American Eagle Outfitters strategy to improve apparel factory working conditions starts with factory inspections based on their Vendor Code of Conduct. They then focus on remediating the issues they find during those inspections, which often includes additional factory training and capacity building programs (AEO Management Co., 2013). They partner with other brands and retailers, multi-stakeholder organizations, civil society groups, trade unions, governments, and others to better understand and address what is happening in the factories and countries where their clothes are made. By working together, they strive to  collectively develop more sustainable solutions to the problems they find (AEO Management Co., 2013). Finally, they are committed to being obvious about how they are doing. By reporting publicly on their efforts, this is one of the many ways they ensure that they remain focused on their goals, disciplined in their efforts, and accountability for their performance (AEO Management Co., 2013). A&F Abercrombie & Fitch has very tight control over the design and manufacturing of their clothing. To help the company keep control, have higher margins and protect the brand, they design their own ranges which are manufactured exclusively for A&F. The head office for A&F is located in Ohio and is called â€Å"The Campus†. At this location, there is a center known as the â€Å"Innovative Design Center†. Here, a dedicated team uses over 100 wash, quality assurance, lab and graphic machines (Webb, 2009). They are responsible for merchandise design and development. â€Å"Design packages† were created by the company to reduce the time and cost of product development (Webb, 2009). These design packages are then given to the vendors. By keeping strict control over design, manufacturing and product development, the company is able to protect the brand from being copied and having the image damaged. By having greater control, it allows A&F to deliver on their promise to the customer and consumer. This in turn creates a relationship based on trust and gives them a competitive advantage. Again, with Abercrombie & Fitch, they are more focused on keeping control of their brand and image, while American Eagle Outfitters are trying to improve factory conditions for their workers. This once again proves that A&F does not care about their people. CONCLUSION In summary, Abercrombie & Fitch and American Eagle Outfitters play a significant role in the clothing industry. While A&F’s practices are some  what contradictory and outlandish, AEO remains the opposite. A&F needs to take a cue from AEO and focus more on their consumers than just their brand. There is no question why it is that AEO is ranked at 649 on the Fortune 1000 List and A&F is trailing behind them at 651 (Salesforce, 2013). Works Cited Abercrombie & Fitch. (2013). Diversity Commitment. Retrieved from A&F Cares: http://www.anfcares.org/diversity/commitment.jsp About.com. (2013). Abercrombie & Fitch Mission Statement. Retrieved from About.com: http://retailindustry.about.com/od/retailbestpractices/ig/Company-Mission-Statements/Abercrombie—Fitch-Mission-Statement.htm About.com. (2013). American Eagle Company Mission Statement. Retrieved from About.com: http://retailindustry.about.com/od/retailbestpractices/ig/Company-Mission-Statements/American-Eagle-Mission-Values.htm AEO Management Co. (2013). AEO History. Retrieved from American Eagle Outfitters: http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=81256&p=irol-history AEO Management Co. (2013). AEO Supply Chain. 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